Tests of reliability: if the measuring instrument provides consistent results, it is considered to be a reliable instrument. A reliable instrument need not necessarily be a valid instrument. For example if a scale always over measures by six kgs, it … Continued
Following from the concern of external validity, it is important to observe difference between various types of case that is often made by writers. The critical case: the hypothesis is specified clearly and the case is selected on the basis … Continued
PhD scholars need to identify an original research idea such an idea needs to be practically applicable as such ideas can be many but few may actually pass the practicality test. The research needs to be both secondary and primary … Continued